polarization. According to the 2025 Spring Eurobarometer, almost 80% of Poles believes that they frequently encoun ­ter disinformation 21 . The deterioration of a public broad­caster often means the weakening of a reliable source of information and fertile ground for prevalence of less relia ­ble sources. 4. Digitalisation and digital competition Technological evolution and digitalization introduced a profound change in the way we consume media today. This also influenced the models of commercialization of public media, which began to compete with their private counter ­parts. Out of necessity, the Polish public broadcaster also had to adapt to these changes. In 2010, as a subpage of tvp.pl, the“TVP VOD” service, shar ­ing video on demand content, was launched(although such services had existed on the public broadcaster’s site to a lim ­ited extent since 2007). In 2023, TVP VOD was additionally integrated with TVP Stream, the previous service enabling watching live television. Although TVP VOD’s market share is not marginal, it does not outperform the largest foreign video on demand service providers. As of April 2025, Netflix took the first place in Poland in terms of the number of users(9.75 million), the average time spent on the platform(5 hours 55 minutes) and the share of time spent using it(over 45%). After it followed MAX, Disney+ and Canal+ online. TVP VOD placed fifth in the ranking with 2,55 million users, average watch time 3 hours 59 mins and a 7,94% share 22 . However, TVP VOD is not lagging behind in all areas. In August 2025, the TVP VOD mobile app recorded the highest average watch time per user. With a watch time of 6 hours and 7 minutes, it sur ­passed services like Netflix and Player 23 . This application however, despite having 2.86 million users, cannot com ­pare to the dominant ones on the market(see Graph 5). For this reason, TVP also has its own accounts, among others, on TikTok(396.1K followers@tvp) and Instagram (572K followers@tvp.info), although their reach can hard ­ly be considered a success. Table 1 Mediapanel Survey Results: Raking of Top Internet Apps: July 2025 Media channel Aplikacja Google Aplikacja Facebook Aplikacja Messenger Aplikacja Youtube Aplikacja Mapy Google Aplikacja Gmail Aplikacja WhatsApp Messenger Aplikacja Temu: Shop Like a Billionaire Aplikacja Wiadomości(Google Inc.) Aplikacja Instagram Aplikacja TikTok Aplikacja Zdjęcia Google Aplikacja Biedronka Aplikacja Allegro Aplikacja Dysk Google Aplikacja Spotify Music Aplikacja Inpost Mobile Aplikacja Żappka Aplikacja Lidl Plus Aplikacja OLX.pl Użytkownicy(Real Users) 25 297 110 21 994 416 20 875 644 19 314 126 19 169 784 18 669 366 17 626 248 14 209 992 13 741 812 11 768 490 11 533 266 10 813 014 10 699 128 8 803 890 8 626 014 8 373 456 8 346 402 8 145 036 7 940 592 7 933 950 Zasięg(internet) 85,12% 74,00% 70,24% 64,99% 64,50% 62,82% 59,31% 47,81% 46,24% 39,60% 38,81% 36,38% 36,00% 29,62% 29,02% 28,17% 28,08% 27,41% 26,72% 26,70% ATS 1h 37m 17s 16h 55m 26s 7h 20m 30s 18h 46m 23s 3h 1m 19s 31m 53s 4h 6m 12s 1h 0m 3s 1h 33m 45s 8h 40m 40s 1d 3h 27m 10s 50m 23s 32m 54s 1h 54m 20s 10m 41s 1h 16m 10s 10m 26s 12m 30s 17m 7s 1h 11m 43s Audyt nie nie nie nie nie nie nie nie nie nie nie nie nie tak nie nie nie nie nie nie 21  Standard Eurobarometer 103 – Spring 2025, Dataset AP, https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s3372_103_3_std103_eng?locale=en[Accessed: 14.09.2025]. 22  Największy serwis VoD w Polsce: Netflix, Max czy Disney+? Są najnowsze dane! HDTV.pl, https://hdtvpolska.com/najwiekszy-serwis-vod-netflix-max-disney-plus-rank ­ing-platformy-polska/[Accessed 26.09.2025]. 23  Wzrost zainteresowania TVP VOD i kanałami w streamingu, TVP.info, https://www.tvp.info/89063096/telewizja-polska-rosnie-w-segmencie-online-sa-nowe-dane[Accessed: 26.09.2025]. State of public service broadcasting in Poland 6