Endnotes 1 "Somewhere to call home; the migration dynamics in Africa". African Union, 26 October 2023 2 "African migration trends to watch in 2023". Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 9 January 2023. 3  Ibid. 4 "About the AfCFTA". AfCTA website. 5 "Protocol to the treaty establishing the African Economic Community relating to free movement of persons, right of residence and right of establishment". African Union. 6 "Study on the human rights impact of law enforcement on asylum seekers, refugees and migrants in Africa". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 5 September 2023. 7 "African conflicts displace over 40 million people". Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 22 August 2023. 8  Ibid. 9  The"western African route" is usually taken by migrants from Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Senegal and the Gambia along the West African coast to reach the Canary Islands. The"western Mediterranean route" is via Morocco and Algeria towards Spain. The central Mediterranean route is popular for migrants transiting through or originating from Libya and Tunisia. 10 The"northern route" is usually taken by migrants via Ethiopia, Sudan and Libya and often onwards to Europe, and the"eastern route" is often towards Yemen and other parts of the Gulf via Somalia and Djibouti. 11 "Italy sea arrivals dashboard". UNHCR, March 2023. 12 "Infosheets". IOM UN Migration, Displacement Tracking Matrix, 31 January 2023. 13 Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations(2023)"Press statement by President von der Leyen with Italian Prime Minister Meloni, Dutch Prime Minister Rutte and Tunisian President Saied". European Commission, 11 June. 14 Ünal Eriş, Ö. and S. Öner(2021)"Securitization of migration and the rising influence of populist radical right parties in European politics". Ankara Journal of European Studies, 1(20): 161-193. 15 EuroMed Rights(2023)"Telling the story of EU border militarization". August. 16 Ünal Eriş, Ö. and S. Öner(2021)"Securitization of migration and the rising influence of populist radical right parties in European politics". 17 "Memorandum d'intesa sulla cooperazione nel campo dello sviluppo, del contrasto all'immigrazione illegale, al traffico di esseri umani, al contrabbando e sul rafforzamento della sicurezza delle frontiere tra lo Stato della Libia e la Repubblica Italiana". Government of Italy. 18 Stambøl, E. M.(2019)" The EU's fight against transnational crime in the Sahel". Institute for European Studies. Policy brief 2019/04, 28 February. 19 Horváth, S. and R. Schwab(2023)"The externalization of EU borders: The case of Agadez". PRIF blog, 28 March. 20 "Libya". Amnesty International website. 21 Dauchy, A.(2022)"Arrests of people smugglers in Niger: A criminalization of mutual-aid practices in migration situations". metropolitics, 8 July. 22 Horváth, S. and R. Schwab(2023)"The externalization of EU borders: The case of Agadez". 23 Dauchy, A.(2022)"Arrests of people smugglers in Niger: A criminalization of mutual-aid practices in migration situations". 24 Ibid. 25 Devillard, A., A. Bacchi and M. Noack(2015)"A survey on migration policies in West Africa". IOM and ICMPD, March. 26 "Côte d'Ivoire: Towards the introduction of a visa to enter Tunisia". Africanews, 29 September 2023. 27 Horwood, C., B. Frows and R. Forin(eds)(2022)"Mixed migration review 2022". Mixed Migration Centre. 28  Ibid. 29 "African conflicts displace over 40 million people". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. 30 Horváth, S. and R. Schwab(2023)"The externalization of EU borders: The case of Agadez". 31 "Libya events of 2022". Human Rights Watch website. 32 "EU: Commission halts migration cooperation with Niger, but for how long?" statewatch, 7 September 2023. 33 Ibid. 34 "Libya". Amnesty International website. 35 "MSF to close medical activities in Tripoli". MSF, 24 August 2023. A no-win situation: Deconstructing the efficacy of EU externalisation policies from an African perspective 9