Author Toms Rostoks is Director of the Centre for Security and Strategic Research, National Defence Academy of Latvia. He is also a member of the Latvian Foreign Policy Council. His research interests include NATO’s deterrence posture towards Russia with a specific focus on Baltic security. Imprint Publisher FES Regional Office for Baltic States Dzirnavu iela 37–64 LV-1010, Riga Latvia Responsible Beate Martin, Head of the FES Regional Office for Baltic States https://baltic.fes.de Copy-editing James Patterson Contact office.baltic@fes.de Photo credits Page 1 top: Illustrations FreeVectorFlags.com Commercial use of all media published by the Friedrich-Ebert­Stiftung(FES) is not permitted without the written consent of the FES. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or of the organisation for which the author works. August 2025 © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V. ISBN 978-9934-615-25-2 Another publications of FES Regional Office for Baltic States find here: ↗ https://baltic.fes.de/publications NATO summit in The Hague: the Baltic perspective 6