→ Residence permits – help completing and submitting applications for residence‑permit issuance or renewal, including preparation of required documents. → Legal advice on residence issues – confidential counselling on rights, obligations and renewal proce­dures for existing residence permits, including on family reunification. → Legal advice for asylum applicants – specialised support on asylum procedures, interview preparation and appeal processes. → Placement in language and civic integration courses – referral to and enrolment in government‑funded lan­guage classes and civic‑orientation programmes. → Registration with child care and schools – guidance through enrolment forms, document checks and con­tact with local education authorities. → Registration with social security – support in obtain­ing a social security number, understanding contribu­tion requirements and accessing benefits. → Registration with the health system – help obtaining health insurance cards, choosing a GP(a doctor’s practice) and navigating the public health care net­work. → Anti‑discrimination services – information on legal protection against discrimination, assistance with fil­ing complaints and referral to legal aid if needed. → Labour market advice – for example, counselling on workers’ rights, job‑matching services, CV workshops and support for foreign‑qualification assessment. → Housing and homelessness advice – guidance on finding affordable housing, understanding tenancy contracts and accessing emergency shelter when re­quired. → Volunteering opportunities – matching newcomers with local NGOs or community projects to promote social inclusion and skill development. → Digital orientation courses – introductory training on using public‑service portals, registering for online banking. → Signposting to community activities run by NGOs – providing a curated list of local cultural, sport and so­cial events organised by NGOs to foster community participation. → Advice on voluntary return – information on volun­tary‑return programmes, logistical support and referral to reintegration services in the country of origin. Ideally, these services are connected through defined re­ferral pathways. However, some services might simply be signposted or provided directly in-house. While many services are open to a broad population, in­cluding the host community, one-stop-shops usually pri­oritise certain groups or needs, such as economic mi­grants or people seeking protection, as well as specific areas such as employment or access to legal advice. To remain effective, however, one-stop-shops need to be able to adapt to changing local contexts and migration patterns. They should therefore be understood as an it­erative model that is being constantly developed with partners and service users. Dortmund’s MigraDo and Stockholm’s Welcome House, for example, conduct us­er-feedback surveys to identify gaps in information and support, which then shape the development of services. Other cities have adapted their models in response to changing local realities. Düsseldorf’s Welcome Points shifted from a refugee-focused approach towards a broader community-based model informed by neigh­bourhood data on local vulnerability. Athens’ Migrant In­tegration Centre initially focused strongly on newcomer support, such as language learning and access to bene­fits, but has increasingly expanded its employment-re­lated services. Zagreb’s Welcome Centre has identified growing demand from foreign workers and is exploring partnerships and services that respond to labour-related needs. In Lublin, the city adapted parts of its offer after identifying increasing support needs among internation­al students from African countries. Migrants with precarious residency status As a low-threshold, open place, one-stop shops have the potential to reach groups that are generally more diffi­cult to reach for public services. This may include un­documented migrants, women in situations of vulnera­bility and people who are unable to use digital services. When run by local authorities, one-stop-shops often serve people without a valid residence permit. For in­stance, 70 per cent of the users coming to Barcelona’s SAIER do not have regular residence status. This is cru­cial, as one-stop shops are supposed to make access to rights and services more efficient and inclusive regard­less of immigration status. Partnerships with trusted community organisations and a well-chosen location can lower the entry barrier for people with precarious status and ensure that their fundamental rights are pro­tected. At the same time, the funding frameworks and policies of some specialised services, such as labour market ad­vice, might prevent people with a precarious residency status from accessing them. One-stop-shops: coordinating integration from day one 5