administrative organization, the country's energy and climate change policies are integrated but are trapped in the paradigm of low-carbon green growth still adherent to growth by using the environment as instruments for material well-being and have not achieved the ecological transition of the economy and energy. The National Energy Commission was changed to the ministerial level of Energy Committee under the Ministry of Knowledge and Economy by the Lee government in 2010. The Moon government plans to restore the previous legal position of the current sustainable development law and energy law into the Framework Act on Sustainable Development and the Framework Act on Energy, respectively. This approach gives more concern to sustainability issues and, consequently, attempts to integrate the topics of energy transition and climate change. 3. Growth of local government and civil society participation in the policy-making process The actors participating in the energy policy process have increased over the years in both numerical terms and in terms of their interactions. The energy policy process, which originally was in the hands of economic development bureaucrats, is led by the central government. Increasingly, social and ecological issues are raised that link to energy use, such as environmental degradation, energy security, affordability, and the adverse impacts of climate change. Energy companies and civil society now have joined the energy policy process. Local energy transition movements led by citizens and local governments are on the increase. Local governments have introduced energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy expansion policies closely related to the climate action plan. And 56 local governments(12 municipalities and 44 lower-level governments) have joined the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, in which Seoul Mayor Park Won-soon chairs currently. Supported by the international climate change negotiations, local governments are becoming more active in their response to the impacts of climate change. In February 2012, 45 municipalities(the 46th joined later) declared themselves a“ Nuclear-Phase Out Energy City”, with ambitions to reduce energy consumption through conservation activities and efficiency improvements and to expand the use of renewable energy towards a nuclear-free society. In April 2012, the city of Seoul initiated the“ One Less Nuclear Power Plant” campaign; the first phase(April 2012 to December 2014) targeted the reduction of conventional energy consumption by 2 million TOE, which is equivalent to the power generated by one nuclear power plant, mainly through household engagement in energy savings and renewable energy generation. The target was accomplished in June 2014, six months ahead of schedule, mainly through household engagement in energy savings. Highlighting the three core values of energy self-sufficiency, energy sharing and energy participation, the government of Seoul launched the second phase(August 2014 to December 2020) with targets of energy consumption reduction and increase of renewable use of 4 million TOE, electricity self-supply rate of 20 per cent and greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 10 million tCO 2 . 16 In June 2015, the provincial government of Gyeonggi-do(province) launched its Energy Vision 2030, and in November 2015, the city government of Seoul and the provincial governments of Gyeonggi­16 Yujin Lee, One Less Nuclear Power Plant: From energy consumption city to energy production city(Seoul: The Seoul Institute, 2016). 24