do, Chungcheongnam-do and Jeju-do announced a Joint Declaration for Local Energy Transition, which are estimated successful than any other energy transition movements in other regions. The majority of activities for energy transition are based on power saving through energy conservation, efficiency improvements and on the establishment of small-scale solar power plants. Civil society, lower-level governments and households are the main change agents of an energy transition. Among the non-government organizations, the Energy Alternatives Center declared the necessity of a post-nuclear energy transition at an early stage. The Energy Alternatives Center, established in 2001, was affiliated to the Federation for Environmental Movement, which is the country’s largest environmental movement group, but it became an independent organization in 2003 and changed its name to Energy Transition in 2005. This organization established the first citizen solar photovoltaic power plant in the Republic of Korea and made continuous efforts to construct more power plants with citizens and members. Individuals who recognized the necessity of an energy transition donated funds to build small-scale photovoltaics. Environment-related organizations of the four major religious groups(Catholic, protestant, Buddhist and Won Buddhist) have constructed solar photovoltaic power plants and created power-saving movements. Even though specific doctrines of all religions are different, all of them share ecological values and recognize the necessity of energy transition.. 5. Conclusion This is the energy crossroads where the Republic of Korea now stands. The Moon Jae-in government, which was elected in May on a pledge to phase out coal-fired and nuclear power generation and bring renewable energies to a large scale, has taken the first steps to implement its promises. For the energy transition to be carried out, several changes are crucial: First, with the energy sector responsible for a large part of the country’s greenhouse gas emissions and due to its energy-intensive industry sector, policies that further emphasize demand-side management and strengthen the expansion of renewable energy are essential. Second, more policy engagement to support citizens’ involvement to push an energy transition are required. This should be integrated into a major awareness-raising approach— many consumers believe that nuclear power is inevitable to meet the high power demand, although they are aware that it is not a safe solution. However, the recent public engagement on the construction of Shin-Kori 5 and 6 reactors revealed public consensus on the reduction of nuclear power in South Korea. The Moon government’s energy transition policy can be aggressively promoted based on the deliberative decision-making process. Further, there should be proper taxation on energy use, especially electricity. Koreans tend to call the electricity bill an“ electricity tax.” Koreans think electricity is a kind of public goods what should be provided by the state, not a commodity, because the public utility KEPCO had monopolized the electricity generation market for long time. To expand renewable energy generation and use, it is necessary to add environmental and social costs that occur from fossil- and nuclear-based energy generation into the electricity prices that consumers pay. One option the government can take is to impose fuel taxes on electricity. Currently, the amount of the tax placed on bituminous coal is not high enough, and there is still no tax on uranium. This situation is unfavourable for renewable energy and natural gas-fired power 25