PERSPECTIVE Democratic Expeditions Arenas of far-right threat and democratic resilience Daphne Halikiopoulou Abstract This paper proposes a framework for comparing and ­assessing the far-right threat. It takes into account dif­ferent combinations of potential changes across three dimensions:(i) voters,(ii) parties and(iii) institutions. By mapping the ways in which distinct combinations of changes across these three dimensions may lead to a series of different potential outcomes, we identify ­different scenarios of far-right democratic backsliding across different countries. This framework suggests that there is no one-size-fits-all solution and enables the identification of a range of counterstrategies tai­lored specifically to each configuration. It also high­lights a potential trilemma of trade-offs: countering the far right in one dimension may simultaneously strengthen it in another. Policymakers may therefore tailor counterstrategies to the specific configuration of threats in different contexts, focusing on the main source of vulnerability while weighing the potential benefits of targeting the far right in one dimension against the risks of empowering it in another. Introduction The far right is a global phenomenon. Parties and leaders with agendas promoting national sovereignty, prioritising the in-group over the out-group and claiming to speak in the name of»the people« have increased their electoral support in many countries in Europe, the Americas, Asia and beyond. Given the emergence, consolidation and proliferation of these parties and leaders, as well as their entrenchment in their respective systems, there is a pressing need to develop effective contestation strategies. However, the global reach of this phenomenon makes contes­tation difficult. To understand how to address this phenomenon we therefore need to identify what drives it in different contexts and time-frames. But cross-regional comparisons are challenging as they require striking a balance between in-depth case specificity and generalisability. What works in one case might not work in another. Different contextual characteristics and patterns of far-right success might call for different responses. The need for a broad and generalisable comparative framework therefore is needed for the development of comprehensive ­responses. Arenas of far-right threat and democratic resilience 1