References Abou-Chadi, T., Mitteregger, R. und Mudde, C. (2021): Left behind by the working class? Social Democracy’s electoral crisis and the rise of the radical right. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Blauberger, M. and Kelemen, R.D. (2016): Can courts rescue nation­al democracy? Judicial safeguards against democratic backsliding in the EU. Journal of European Public Policy, 24(3): 321–336. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1229357. Cavaillé, C. and Ferwerda, J. (2023): How Distributional Conflict over In-Kind Benefits Generates Support for Far-Right Parties. The Journal of Politics, 85(1): 19–33. Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C.H., Lindberg, S.I., Teorell, J., Marquardt, K.L., Medzihorsky, J., Pemstein, D., Gastaldi, L., Grahn, S., Pernes, J., Rydén, O., von Römer, J., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y.-T. and Wilson, S. (2023): V-Dem Methodology v13. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Golder, M. (2016): Far right parties in Europe. Annual Review of Political Science, 19: 477–97. Haggard, S. and Kaufman, R. (2021): The Anatomy of Democratic Backsliding. Journal of Democracy, 32(4): 27–41. Halikiopoulou, D., Mock, S. and Vasilopoulou, S (2013): The civic Zeitgeist: nationalism and liberal values in the European radical right. Nations& Nationalism, 19(1): 107–127. Halikiopoulou, D., and Vlandas, T. (2022): Understanding right­wing populism and what to do about it. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Available at: https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/wien/19110­20220517.pdf. Hope Not Hate (2024): Reform UK Are Far-Right: Here’s Why. Avail­able at: https://hopenothate.org.uk/2024/09/24/reform-uk-are-far­right-heres-why/[last accessed 16/10/25]. Mudde, C. (2005): The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4): 541–563. Turnbull-Dugarte, S.J., López Ortega, A, and Hunklinger, M. (2025): Do Citizens Stereotype Muslims as an Illiberal Bogeyman? Evidence from a Double-List Experiment. British Journal of Political Science. Vasilopoulou, S. and Halikiopoulou, D. (2023): Democracy and ­discontent: institutional trust and evaluations of system performance among core and peripheral far right voters. Journal of European Public Policy, 31(9): 2397–2421. About Democratic Expeditions This essay is based on the paper presented by the author at the workshop Contesting the Far Right, Safeguarding Democracy: Comparative Insights from Europe and Latin America. Convened by Daphne Halikiopoulou(University of York, UK) and Carlos Meléndez(CEU Democracy Institute, Budapest), the workshop took place at the CEU Democracy Institute in Budapest on 22 and 23 September 2025. It was the second edition of Democratic Expeditions, a series of openly sourced, carefully crafted inter­national research workshops that shed light on underexplored issues of democratic crises and democratizing struggles. The ini­tiative is a joint venture of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung’s Regional Office on Democracy of the Future in Vienna, the CEU Democra­cy Institute, and the CEU Department of Political Science. Imprint Published by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V. Godesberger Allee 149 53175 Bonn, Germany info@fes.de Issuing Department FES Regional Office for International Cooperation Democracy of the Future Reichsratsstr. 13/5 A-1010 Vienna Contact Filip Milačić filip.milacic@fes.de Design pertext| www.pertext.de The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung(FES) or of the organization for which the author works. Commercial use of media published by the FES is not permitted without the written consent of the FES. Publications by the FES may not be used for electioneering purposes. November 2025 © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V. Further publications of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung can be found here: ↗ www.fes.de/publikationen FES Regional Office for International Cooperation Arenas of far-right threat and democratic resilience 6