Executive summary As Central Asia faces rising electricity demand, aging infra­structure, and growing decarbonization pressures, electrici­ty grids are emerging as strategic assets at the intersection of national development, energy security, and cross-border cooperation. This paper examines grid infrastructure and governance in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, showing how differences in market models and institutional capacity shape reform outcomes. Rather than endorsing accelerated and across-the-board market liberali­zation or regulatory harmonization, the paper advocates for gradual and context-sensitive reforms that improve do­mestic systems while enabling the gradual development of interoperable“grid communities.” It assesses where mean­ingful progress has been achieved and where structural constraints persist. By grounding recommendations in po­litical economy realities, the paper highlights how focused EU support can help strengthen grids, enhance local capac­ity, and support regional links while aligning with domestic reform priorities. Executive summary 3