References Abbasova, Vusala(2025).“Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan Sign MoU to Merge Energy Systems.” Caspian News, May 4, 2024. https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/ azerbaijan-kazakhstan-uzbekistan-sign-mou-to-merge-energy-systems-2024-5-4-0/. Accessed July 23, 2025. Abdiyeva, Baktynur(2025).“Distribution Companies Severelectro, Oshelectro and Others No Longer Exist—They Are All Included in NEGK.”[In Russian]. Economist.kg, August 16, 2022. https://economist.kg/novosti/2022/08/16/raspredkompanij-­severelektro-oshelektro-i-drugih-bolshe-net-vse-oni-vkljucheny-v-nesk/. Accessed July 28, 2025. Abdrakhmanova, Gulmira(2025).“Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan Launched HVDC ‘Datka-Sugd’Line As Part of the CASA-1000.” Kazinform, March 31, 2025. https:// www.inform.kz/ru/kirgizstan-i-tadzhikistan-zapustili-lep-datkasugd-v-ramkah-proek­ta-casa-1000-de9e99. Accessed July 28, 2025. Akchabar(2023).“China Will Build a 500 kV“Kemin-Torugart” Transmission Line.”[In Russian]. Akchabar, August 17, 2023. https://www.akchabar.kg/news/kitaj-­postroit-­liniyu­elektroperedachi-500-kv-kemin-torugart-ahfzujwemxaeyeuz. Accessed July 28, 2025. Akhmatova, Ilona(2023).“How Worn Out is the Equipment in Kyrgyzstan’s Energy Sector? Disappointing Calculations.” Economist.kg, May 15, 2023. https://economist. kg/novosti/2023/05/15/naskolko-iznosheny-oborudovaniya-v-energetike-kyrgyzstana-­neuteshitelnye-podschety/. Accessed July 22, 2025. Antheunissens, Pierre-Paul(2024).“EDF’s General Director Outlines Vision for Uz­bekistan’s Energy Transition.” Kursiv.uz, November 8, 2024. https://uz.kursiv.media/ en/opinions/edfs-general-director-outlines-vision-for-uzbekistans-energy-transition/. Accessed July 30, 2025. Asian Development Bank(n.d.).“Tajikistan: Reconnection to the Central Asian Power System Project – Additional Financing.” https://www.adb.org/projects/52122-002/main. Accessed July 30, 2025. Asia-Plus(2025).“Head of Tajikistan’s Ministry of Energy Expressed Dissatisfaction with How Distribution of Electricity Works.” Asia-Plus, July 15, 2025. https://asia plustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/economic/20250715/glava-minenergo-tadzhikis­tana­virazil-nedovolstvo-rabotoi-po-raspredeleniyu-elektroenergii. Accessed July 27, 2025. Asia-Plus(2025).“Emomali Rahmon Signs Law Establishing Criminal Liability for Unlawful Manipulations with Electricity Meters.” Asia-Plus, April 15, 2025. https:// asiaplustj.info/ru/node/347849. Accessed July 25, 2025. Asia-Plus(2023).“Chinese TBEA Will Build the Cascade of HPP in Kyrgyzstan.” Asia-Plus, August 17, 2023. https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/centralasia/20230817/kirgizstan-privlek­kitaiskuyu-tvea-k-stroitelstvu-kaskada-ges-na-reke-sari-dzhaz. Accessed July 28, 2025. Avesta Information Agency(2019).“500 kV HV Transmission Line Dushanbe-Obi Garm Showed Its Effectiveness[LEP 500 kV Dushanbe-Obi Garm pokazala svoyu effektivnost’].” Avesta.tj, September 19, 2019. https://avesta.tj/2019/09/19/lep-­500­kv-dushanbe-obi-garm-pokazala-svoyu-effektivnost/. Accessed July 21, 2025. Bolatbek, Fariza(2024).“Unified Energy Market of the EAEU: Utopia or Reality of 2027?” [In Russian]. Deutsche Welle(DW), November 20, 2024. https://www.dw.com/ru/edinyj-­energorynok-eaes-utopia-ili-realnost-2027-goda/a-70825076. Accessed July 21, 2025. BNE Intellinews(2025).“Taliban Seek$100mn from World Bank to Restart Work on CASA-1000 Electricity Transmission Project.” BNE Intellinews, April 2, 2025. https:// www.intellinews.com/taliban-seek-100mn-from-world-bank-to-restart-work-on-casa­1000-electricity-transmission-project-374739/. Accessed July 23, 2025. CASA-1000(n.d.).“Home.” https://www.casa-1000.org/ru/home-ru/. Accessed July 23, 2025. China and Central Asia Studies(n.d.).“Datka-Kemin Power Transmission Line – China Central Asia.” n.d. https://china-centralasia.org/en/project/93. Accessed July 21, 2025. China and Central Asia Studies(n.d.).“Tajikistan: 500 kV South-North Power Trans­mission Line.” China-CentralAsia.org, n.d. https://china-centralasia.org/en/project/ 102#:~:text=Description %20of %20the %20project,Chinese %20architecture %20 %22 Luban %20prize %22. Accessed July 21, 2025. Chorshanbiyev, Payrav(2025).“Turn the lights off! Why are Tajiks doomed to c­ onstant increases in electricity prices?”[In Russian]. Asia-Plus, April 8, 2025. https://asiaplustj. info/ru/news/tajikistan/economic/20250408/tushite-svet-pochemu-­tadzhikistantsi­obrecheni-na-postoyannoe-podorozhanie-elektroenergii. Accessed July 28, 2025. Chorshanbiyev, Payrav(2024).“In Tajikistan, Some Steal Electricity While Others Freeze.”[In Russian]. Asia-Plus, February 5, 2024. https://www.asiaplustj.info/ru/ news/tajikistan/economic/20240205/v-tadzhikistane-odni-voruyut-drugie-myorznut. Accessed July 21, 2025. Chorshanbiyev, Payrav(2022).“Barki Tojik Had Debts Written Off for$28 Million.” [In Russian]. Asia-Plus, December 30, 2022. https://old.asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajik­istan/economic/20221230/barki-tochik-prostili-zadolzhennost-v-28-millionov. ­Accessed July 21, 2025. Delegation of the European Union to Tajikistan(2025).“EU Advances Global Gate­way Strategy in Tajikistan.” European External Action Service, March 15, 2025. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/tajikistan/eu-advances-global-gateway­strategy-tajikistan_en?s=228. Accessed July 21, 2025. Delegation of the European Union to Tajikistan(2022).“Sebzor Hydropower Plant – Improving the Energy Supply in the Province of Gorno-Badakhshan.” European Exter­nal Action Service , July 19, 2022. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/tajikistan/ sebzor-hydropower-plant-improving-energy-supply-province-gorno-badakhshan_en. Accessed July 28, 2025. Eni(2024).“Eni and KazMunayGas Announce Commencement of Construction for 250 MW Hybrid Power Plant in Kazakhstan.” Press Release, July 16, 2024. https://www.eni. com/en-IT/media/press-release/2024/07/eni-kmg-announce-commencement-construc­tion-250mw-hybrid_power-plant-kazakhstan.html. Accessed July 29, 2025. Eurasian Development Bank(2021).“Uzbekistan and the EAEU: Perspectives and Potential Effects of Economic Integration”[In Russian]. Reports and Working Docu­ments , 2021. https://eabr.org/upload/EDB_2021_Report_Uzbekistan_and_the_ EAEU_rus.pdf. Accessed July 22, 2025. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(n.d.).“KEGOC: Integration of the West Zone.” https://www.ebrd.com/home/work-with-us/projects/psd/55284. html. Accessed July 21, 2025. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(n.d.).“Sarymay-Djankeldy Transmission.” https://www.ebrd.com/home/work-with-us/projects/psd/52874.html #project-description1. Accessed July 29, 2025. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(n.d.).“Sarymay-Muruntau Transmission.” https://www.ebrd.com/home/work-with-us/projects/psd/54421.html #project-description1. Accessed July 29, 2025. European Commission(2025). Speech by President von der Leyen at the Plenary Ses­sion of the First EU-Central Asia Summit . Speech, April 4, 2025. https://ec.europa.eu/ commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/hu/speech_25_976/ SPEECH_25_976_EN.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2025. European Commission(2025). 1 st European Union Central Asia Summit. Factsheet, April, 2025. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/attachment/881028/ EU-Central %20Asia_Factsheet_2025-04.pdf. Accessed September 1, 2025. European Commission(2022). Global Gateway: Team Europe Launches Two Initia­tives in Central Asia on Energy and on Digital Connectivity . Press release, November 18, 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/pl/ ip_22_6963/IP_22_6963_EN.pdf. Accessed July 23, 2025. European Council(2025). Joint Press Release Following the First EU-Central Asia Summit. Speech, April 4, 2025. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-re­leases/2025/04/04/joint-press-release-following-the-first-eu-central-asia-summit/. Accessed September 1, 2025. European Investment Bank(EIB)(2015).“EIB Supports Power Interconnection be­tween Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.” European Investment Bank, June 11, 2015. https:// www.eib.org/en/press/all/2015-130-eib-supports-power-interconnection-between-­tajikistan-and-kyrgyzstan. Accessed July 28, 2025. Gazeta.uz(2025).“Uzbekistan to Build 7,000 km of Transmission Networks to ­Connect New Power Plants and Energy Storages.” Gazeta.uz, January 29, 2025. https://www. gazeta.uz/en/2025/01/29/transmission-networks/. Accessed July 28, 2025. Gazeta.uz(2024).“Uzbekistan Plans to Continue Subsidizing Gas and Electricity Prices Despite Tariff Increases.”[In Russian]. Gazeta.uz. November 16, 2024. https:// www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/11/11/subsidy/. Accessed July 28, 2025. Gazeta.Uz(2024).“To Trade Electricity in Central Asia,[Countries] Plan to Launch the Unified Platform – Deputy Minister of Energy.”[In Russian]. Gazeta.uz, November 7, 2024. https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/11/07/electricity/. Accessed July 23, 2025. References 19