Current State of Play: Central Asia’s Grid Landscape Electricity Consumption Mix and Generation Patterns All five Central Asian countries inherited interconnected electricity systems from the Soviet era. Since independ­ence, they have diverged significantly based on domes­tic resources, infrastructure priorities, and reform strate­gies. Kazakhstan is the largest pro duc er and consumer of electricity, with a fossil-heavy mix: 55 % coal, 28 % gas, and over 5  % ren ewables(see Figure 1). Uzbekistan relies primarily on gas( 78  %), with recent solar addi ­tions. In contrast, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan generate over two-thirds and nearly 90 % of their electricity from hydropower, which makes them vulnerable to seasonal and climatic variation. Kyrgyzstan, for instance, import­ed 20 % of its electricity in winter 2024. 6 Turkmenistan’s electricity system remains isolated from the Central Asia Power System(CAPS), with generation predomi ­nantly gas-based and exports to neighbors conducted bilaterally. 6  Kwan, Sergey.“Kyrgyzstan Turns to Alternative Energy to Address Power Deficits.” Times of Central Asia, 2025. https://timesca.com/kyrgyzstan-turns-to-alternative-­energy­to-address-power-deficit/. Accessed July 21, 2025. Electricity consumption mix in Central Asian countries(2024) 100% Figure 1 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Tajikistan Coal Gas Hydropower Wind Solar Source: Low Carbon Power.“Electricity Mix by Country.” n.d. https://lowcarbonpower.org/, Accessed July 21, 2025. 6 Friedrich-Eber t- Stiftung e.V. Uzbekistan(2023) Net Imports Other