trade union internationalism by those in the countries with weaker national union move­ments. The earlier division of the European trade union scene into three trends- the Social Democratic ETUC, the Christian Democratic World Federation of Workers ( Weltverband der Arbeitnehmer) and the Communist-domi­nated World Trade Union Federation ( Weltge­werkschaftsbund) ­has almost completely disappeared to the advantage of the social democratic tendency. The only noteworthy trade union organization working outside the ETUC network is the French General Confederation of Labour with its well-known communist tilt. All other large unions from the Christian and socialist-com­munist camps have long since given up their old associational loyalties and are now mem­bers of the ETUC. Also of interest is the fact that the German White-Collar Workers Union (Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft), a com­petitor of the GTUF, now is a full member of ETUC. On the sectoral level we can observe comparable centralization processes opera­ting in favor of the traditional political center of the trade unions. On the one hand, this developing trend from the periphery toward the social democratic­dominated centre reflects deep secularization tendencies to which the Christian and com­munist(trade union)"churches" have had to pay tribute. On the other hand, however, it mainfests the ability of the trade union centre to take up programme elements of the former rival organizations. The best-known example is undoubtedly the synthesis of the socialist idea of trade unions as counterweight and the catholic social teaching of social partnership and co-determination. One can also see a parallel between this de­velopment and similar trends in various coun­tries. The change from militant union models which are aimed not only against the em­ployers but also against competing trade unions to those models characterized by co­operation and tolerance has strengthened those advocating a more moderate direction and allowed the ETUC to develop into a mon­opoly-like representational body. Like the GTUF on the national level, the ETUC enjoys an"associational monopoly" on the European level because all relevant organizations have been absorbed into it. In addition, this process of concentration has been promoted by certain forces in the EC. For one thing, EC bodies prefer to work with those who represent the broadest spectrum of workers, rather than sectional representatives. For another, the dynamic of European integra­tion has led to the convergence of many prob­lems and to many community-wide problems of a new kind which require a supranational reaction on the part of the trade unions. The ETUC has successfully assumed the role of a Euro-mediator between the unions of different nations and has become a pioneer in the pro­vision of services which promote trade union convergence in Europe. The network of trade union Euro-services is increasingly expanding: The ETUC has experienced a gain in status as a result of the participation of the various national member organizations. Moreover, there has been an institutional fusing with the European branch associations. The"European Trade Union Institute"(ETUI) plays an important role by providing spe­cialized reports to the trade union Euro-practi­tioners, distributing information material throughout Europe and maintaining contact with social scientists. The"European Trade Union College" (ETUCO) is constantly expanding its instruc­tional and educational programme. The"European Technology Office" and the "Association for the Continuing Education of Workers in New Technologies" round off the trade union services provided in Brussels. That clear progress has been made with re­spect to the promotion of the European social union is mainly due to the ETUC. It has been 11