1.0 Introduction: Smart mobility Smart mobility may be defined as components of'smart cities' that focuses on mobility made smart with the latest technology(Singh 2019; 2021). It can also be described as a spectrum of mobility options and services that are termed'smart' because the latest technologies– internet and telecommunication devices–are integral to their operation and provision(Singh, 2021). Smart mobility solutions range from on-demand ride services (called ride-sourcing services), real-time ride-sharing services in cars and on bikes(called shared mobility services), multimodal trip planning apps, smart traffic control functions and self-driven vehicles. Ride-sourcing services are also known as'on-demand­rides' or'ride-hailing' services(Rayle et al, 2016) and allow users to book a ride from anywhere, using smartphones through an app, and are often seen as a smarter version of the conventional taxi. In India, two of the dominant companies offering ride­sourcing services are Ola and Uber. A few ride-sourcing companies also offer a shared version of booking rides by allowing users to share rides with other passengers for the whole or part of their routes, and this facility is called 'ride-splitting' or'ride-sharing'. A relatively new service in India is that from Blu Smart which offers ride-sharing in electric vehicles; Blu Smart is trying to cash in on the trend of users being fashionably sustainable. Various other apps allow commuters to use shared car and bike rides; parking; and shuttles. Roland Berger Consultants (2014) conducted a detailed study on shared smart mobility and stated that“in the world of shared econ­omy—shared goods, services, money, accommodation and mobility, in terms of revenue—the mobility sector is one of the fastest-growing segments”. It even projects that the growth rate of this market will reach 20–30 per cent per annum, forecasting smart mobility to be a sector worth 30 billion Euros by 2025, and it is fascinating to know that just Uber, which is present in 30 countries, had a valuation of about Euros 17 billion in 2014. The same report suggests that the reasons for growth of smart mobility can be identified as the high penetration of smartphones; asset-light businesses that work on sharing of resources rather than owning an inventory of vehicles; people's changing attitudes from owning to simply using; awareness of climate change; and scarcity attitudes from owning to simply using; awareness of Smart mobility in India from an equity perspective of space and resources. In addition to that, sharing has never been more convenient and cheaper than owning, today. Singh(2021) says that the introduction of smart mobility services tapped the huge potential of smartphones and apps. This laid bare the size of the huge mobility market that had been untapped. Mobility is now literally on one's finger tips and the combination of the cars, the drivers, and the commuters using technology is truly amazing. Smart mobility services are often also called disruptive because a new market and value network invariably disrupts existing markets. However, while we assess the sustainability of these services, the sustainability of their business models is also a question because it has been found that disruptive mobility services have a high shock value and often a short life(Bradshaw, 2018). Singh(2021) also adds that the speed at which innovation is taking place and new business models are being created, tested and implemented, each disruptive mobility service is soon disrupted by another—more creative, competitive, affordable or superior in service. They are especially disruptive because regulatory bodies do not have laws or regulations to govern them appropriately as these technologies and business models were not expected at the time those policies or regulations were drafted or implemented. Most businesses also change, get overtaken by new technologies or simply perish, and thus have a short lifespan. In India, particularly, the decreasing efficiency of public transport and increase in disposable incomes of people has led to the gradual privatisation of public transport and introduction of app-based ride-hailing services or 'cab aggregator' services. Basu(2019) reports on the state of smart mobility in the country in detail. This report finds that the majority of commuters were satisfied with availability, reliability, cost-effectiveness, safety, cashless option, driver behaviour, comfort and absence of bargaining; the drivers were also found to be content with their improved earnings. It is important to note that by calling the industry the'cab-aggregator industry', Indian markets clearly refer to them as taxis and these are the most commonly used smart mobility services. Service providers claim that their services save people from the hassles of finding parking space, negotiations over fares, providers claim that their services save people from the 1