Audit, 2016). This means that there will be difficulty navigating the digital world and hence access to travel information which will lead to negative outcomes in mobility. Similarly, low-income people with lower education levels are vulnerable to digitalisation because they cannot afford credit cards, maintain bank accounts, and are less likely to have internet services or even a smartphone. Other than low-income families, women are also more likely to be vulnerable to digitalisation in transport services, especially in developing countries or countries where women are less emancipated(Van Dijk, 2019; Zhang et al. 2020). One of the striking observa­tions reported in(Durand et al., 2022) by(Pangbourne et al., 2010) is that adults have often complained about small keypads and pictograms while people with language barriers felt that there was too much informa­tion displayed on a single screen; spelling mistakes were also not forgiven. This led to frustration caused by low user-friendliness of mobility apps. Elderly people also form a group of people who may not be very comfort­able with digitalisation. They may be able to afford and access digital services, but most of them have not kept up with digital trends and technology, thus making it difficult to access smart mobility services. In many emerging economies, where there already are issues of basic literacy, the issue of digital literacy only com­pounds the problems related to people's access to smart solutions and services. Compared to western countries, Indians show less trust in digital systems or payment methods. Although that is changing at a fast pace with Paytm, RuPay and others, there are still consumers who prefer to use cash for payments. In recognition of that group of consumers, Uber India also allows for cash payments for its services since a large section of Indian population is not very comfortable with online transac­tions. It takes away the barrier of online payment and becomes more accessible to people who either do not have access to online payment platforms or do not wish to use them for some reason. problems related to people's access to smart solutions and services. Compared to western countries, Indians show less trust in digital systems or payment methods. Although that is changing at a fast pace with Paytm, RuPay and others, there are still consumers who prefer to use cash for payments. In recognition of that group of consumers, Uber India also allows for cash payments for its services since a large section of Indian population is not very comfortable with online transactions. It takes away the barrier of online payment and becomes more accessible to people who either do not have access to online 8 to people who either do not have access to online payment platforms or do not wish to use them for some reason. Governments at national, state and local levels need to tackle this digital literacy gap. India launched the National Digital Literacy Mission in 2014 to make at least one adult from each household digitally literate by being able to utilise various kinds of technology—the internet, smartphones, computers, tablets, etc.(S.Sharma, 2016). It is a central government sponsored scheme but has received funding from multinational corporations like Google, Microsoft and Intel for opening up training centres. Such steps can assist in reaping the benefits of smart mobility services and consequently create higher equity in transport. An appraisal of the success of National Digital Literacy Mission will shed light on its successes and failures. In India, there were close to 750 million smartphone users in 2020 and that number has increased to more than 930 million in 2022(Figure 1); smartphone penetra­tion countrywide is around 28-30 per cent. According to a Deloitte analysis, India is expected to have one billion smartphone users by 2026 and this will be driven by sales in rural areas(Deloitte, 2022). The BharatNet project which aims to digitally connect all the gram panchayats and villages in India by 2025 will also be a key push factor. However, it is important to know how Indians are using smartphones, in urban as well as rural areas. After COVID-19 hit India, the use of smartphones increased considerably and their most substantial use is chatting, calling and streaming content to watch, much like having a personal television with content you can choose from, and at your preferred times. Looking forward, if smartphone penetration is expected to be mainly in rural areas, then it is less likely to impact access to smart mobility services as these are available only in urban areas. An intersectional analysis of 34 national and sub­national policies on mobility in India was carried out by Kakar, Peden and Jagnoor(2021) to understand how mobility inequities were faced by vulnerable groups since most policies only acknowledge their inequities; there are not enough transformative actions, nor do policies include voices of the vulnerable in their making. There is also the issue of women's safety, as Trafikanalys, (2016) pointed out. While higher digitalisation and use Smart mobility in India from an equity perspective